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摘要：针对影响隧道安全运营的衬砌厚度不足典型缺陷，在硅酸盐水泥基聚乙烯纤维增强复合基体材料（简称PE-ECC)）中加入SAC和硅灰，结合配比试验和抗压、抗拉、三点抗弯试验获得最优掺量，并利用自主研制的缺陷衬砌加载试验台架进行物理模型试验验证，结果表明该材料对隧道衬砌加固补强效果良好，其早强高强性能可为隧道安全运维及抢险工程提供可行材料选择。

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061823031677

水环境下的混凝土材料力学性能将会发展显著变化，揭示不同含水率混凝土的物理力学性能以及劣化机理，是确保该类工程结构服役稳定性和安全性的重要基础。我院李浩然老师研究团队通过单轴压缩试验，研究了不同含水量条件下的混凝土承载力、超声波传播、声发射活性和破坏机理。研究发现，随着含水率的增加，混凝土的起裂应力和抗压强度先增大后减小，弹性模量和泊松比先减小后增大；借助声发射事件的ISO和DC值、矩张量T-k图和P-T图，分析了材料失效机理。相关成果可为水环境中混凝土结构的安全评价提供理论支撑。研究成果近期发表于《Construction and Building Materials》期刊上，研究工作获国家自然科学基金项目（No.21374101D）、河北省自然科学基金项目（D2021210006，E2021210099）等项目资助。

论文链接：

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131499

不同含水率下混凝土力学参数的拟合曲线

不同含水量下声发射事件的T-k分布

不同含水率下声发射矩张量的P-T分布图

一、亮点

（1）通过掺加碳酸钙晶须、聚乙烯醇纤维和钢纤维，改善橡胶混凝土残余力学性能。

（2）多尺度纤维的掺入显著提高了橡胶混凝土高温后的残余拉伸性能。

（3）利用声发射技术监测了单轴拉伸破坏模式与破坏过程。

（4）从微观结构方面分析了多尺度纤维对拉伸性能提升的作用机理。

二、研究进展

随着全球城市化的快速发展，汽车需求量大幅增长，导致废弃汽车轮胎的数量逐年增加。预计到2030年，全球每年将产生约12亿条废弃轮胎。由于其不可生物降解，废弃橡胶的处理已成为世界范围内的一大环境问题。根据先前的文献，废弃橡胶具有制备绿色混凝土的巨大潜力，其作为传统混凝土骨料的替代品已引起学术界和行业的极大兴趣。然而，橡胶屑的加入会明显削弱混凝土的力学性能，特别是高温后的力学性能。

为了制备具有更好耐火性能的绿色混凝土，该研究采用了超高性能混凝土基体，以确保橡胶混凝土具有足够的强度，这对其在工程中的应用至关重要；为了改善混凝土的脆性和耐火性，掺入了多尺度纤维。根据以往的研究发现，钢纤维可显著增强高温后的残余力学性能；而合成纤维（即聚乙烯醇纤维、聚乙烯纤维和聚丙烯纤维）可用于改善混凝土高温爆裂和脆性。碳酸钙晶须可用于增强橡胶化混凝土对微观热损伤的抵抗力。基于此，该研究利用超高性能混凝土基体、聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维、钢纤维和碳酸钙晶须，研制了一种新型多尺度纤维增强橡胶混凝土（MSFRRC），橡胶替代率分别为10%、20%和30%。研究了橡胶屑和多尺度纤维对MSFRRC加热至不同温度水平（25℃、200℃、400℃、600℃和800℃）后的单轴拉伸行为。此外，采用声发射（AE）技术监测单轴拉伸下的破坏过程。详细讨论了MSFRRC的初裂强度与应变、极限强度与应变、应变硬化行为、应力-应变关系以及微观结构特征。最后，还提出了预测单轴拉伸下MSFRRC残余本构关系的经验公式。

研究结果表明，掺入橡胶屑不能改变素混凝土在单轴拉伸下的脆性断裂，但可以提高应变能力。具体而言，在室温下，当橡胶屑体积替代率从0%增加到30%时，拉伸强度降低约24.5%，但极限应变增加22%。同时，掺入橡胶屑并不能消除高温爆裂现象。

在橡胶混凝土中加入钢纤维是获得应变硬化能力的最有效方法。而掺入PVA纤维后，应变硬化能力一定程度上减弱，是由于PVA纤维在拉拔过程中的断裂。此外，碳酸钙晶须的加入可以提高钢纤维-基体的粘结性能，从而增强应变硬化行为。然而，高温削弱了应变硬化能力，当温度高于200℃时，应变硬化行为几乎消失不见。

图1 未掺多尺度纤维的试件在400℃后爆裂

图2 不同温度下MSFRRC的拉伸应力-应变曲线

另外，在室温下，用2%钢纤维增强的初裂强度比用3%碳酸钙晶须增强的MSFRRC高21.4%，但初裂应变低3.8%。此外，初裂强度和应变随温度的升高而降低，直到应变硬化行为消失。当加入1%的钢纤维、1%的PVA纤维和1%-3%的碳酸钙晶须时，极限强度提高了54.4%-64.3%，极限应变提高了26.9-50.4倍。同时，多尺度纤维在改善残余拉伸强度损失方面发挥了积极作用，但当温度高于400℃时，这种积极作用可以忽略不计。

图3 纤维和温度对初裂强度和应变的影响

图4 MSFRRC在不同温度下的强度损失

图5 MSFRRC在不同温度下的极限应变

高温和橡胶颗粒引起的孔隙率增加是压缩和拉伸强度降低的主要因素。虽然添加碳酸钙晶须一定程度上增加了孔隙率，但它可以细化孔隙结构并减轻强度的热损失。MSFRRC的拉伸性能可以得到改善，是因为钢纤维和PVA纤维抑制了宏观裂纹并延迟了裂纹扩展，碳酸钙晶须可以桥接微观裂纹，细化孔隙结构，并增强钢纤维和基体之间的界面结合强度。

图6 MSFRRC高温后的孔径分布

最后，通过考虑橡胶颗粒、多尺度纤维和高温的影响，提出了MSFRRC单轴拉伸荷载下的经验本构模型。通过与试验数据进行比较，验证了所提出的本构模型预测MSFRRC残余单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线的可行性。

文章链接：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136068

摘要：锂离子电池中的各种故障，威胁着电池系统的安全和性能，并且可能会对各类用电设备造成不良影响。电池是封闭体系，因此电池内部的异常难以辨别，且电池往往具有非线性时变特性，电池的早期故障也因此难以检测和隔离。本文基于上述问题，提出了一种多故障诊断策略，该方法重点是检测和隔离电池内部不同类型的故障，并且对电池的故障波形等进行估测。其中包括不一致评估、虚拟连接故障和外部短路等典型的电池缺陷。

本文首先建立了电池主成分分析(PCA)模型，利用其贡献值对电池组中的异常行为进行监测；一旦检测到电池故障，随即采用并行核主成分分析(KPCA)技术，重构电池参数的故障波形。其中参数主要包括欧姆电阻、端电压和开路电压等。将多种参数带入分析，并且利用这些参数作为故障指标，提高了故障诊断的可靠性。最后，用八个单元的连续测试数据核验了该方法的有效性。结果表明，基于贡献的主成分分析方法能够准确地检测出故障。此外，基于重构的并联PCA-KPCA也可以准确估计故障电池的故障波形，同时有助于了解电池的故障程度和故障原因，为电池的安全领域提供新的技术手段。

文章地址：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119678